Stone laid in mortar as an infill was used in areas where stone rubble and mortar were available. When the manufacturing of bricks increased, brick infill replaced the less durable infills and became more common. The coating of daub has many recipes, but generally was a mixture of clay and chalk with a binder such as grass or straw and water or urine. The sticks were not always technically wattlework (woven), but also individual sticks installed vertically, horizontally, or at an angle into holes or grooves in the framing. Wattle and daub was the most common infill in ancient times. Similar methods to wattle and daub were also used and known by various names, such as clam staff and daub, cat-and-clay, or torchis (French), to name only three. Opus craticum is now confusingly applied to a Roman stone/mortar infill as well. The earliest known type of infill, called opus craticum by the Romans, was a wattle and daub type construction. The frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building. Half-timbering refers to a structure with a frame of load-bearing timber, creating spaces between the timbers called panels (in German Gefach or Fächer = partitions), which are then filled-in with some kind of nonstructural material known as infill. Krämerbrücke in Erfurt, Germany, with half-timbered buildings dating from c.
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